Confessions of a Converted Conservative

The election of Donald Trump is a national embarrassment, tragedy, and nightmare. He is not just another Republican, another politician.  He is not McCain, Bush, or Romney.  He is a racist, misogynist, and bully.  His behavior is an affront to the values we teach our children.  A close relative of mine who is hardcore conservative describes Trump simply as “repulsive”.

In the aftermath of his election, there has been a slew of thought pieces encouraging white liberals (WL’s) to build bridges to their conservative and racist friends and family members that propelled Trump to power.  People of color, especially, argue that WL’s are uniquely situated, in fact already embedded, among these conservatives.  You have access, they argue.  Furthermore, these conservatives will listen to other whites far more than they will listen to people of color.

It’s not clear to me they will listen to anybody.  The political or ideological conversion of any adult, from any strongly-held position, such as conservative to liberal, or racist to inclusive, or vice versa, is extremely difficult and rare.  Even if white liberals boldly ventured forth to the Thanksgiving table and made compelling arguments to their loved ones, I would not expect testimonies of epiphanies of repentance after the holidays.  When conversion does happen, it takes years.  I can think of maybe four adults that I know in my lifetime where such a conversion occurred.  Three white males, and myself.

I grew up culturally a white male, in a conservative Republican home.  There were some seeds of progressive thought.  My father was a citizen of the Cherokee Nation (as am I), and thus my childhood included full knowledge of the ethnic cleansing of our people by white Americans (the Trail of Tears).  My mother, while a dedicated Republican voter, has always been quite liberal on many individual issues, especially women’s rights.  But we were Republicans.  At 17 I dedicated myself to following Jesus and joined a church that was so conservative you would have thought “communists” were described in the Book of Revelation.  In my first election in 1984, I voted for Ronald Reagan.

Then something happened.  I went to college, I was surrounded by WL’s, even Christian WL’s, I studied the life of Jesus (pretty much a left-wing radical who announced large scale land reform and the forgiveness of debts), I volunteered with the homeless, and I did a short-term mission in the Philippines.  I became engaged in international poverty issues, Third World Debt, the Contra War in Nicaragua, and the impoverization of developing countries through economic and military power dynamics with the US.  I met and empathized with marginalized people, with the same hopes and dreams as me, but dreams that were being crushed by the Powers That Be, and that power was US policies and corporations promoted and protected by Republicans in the US.  I became less patriotic, less nationalistic, and felt more a citizen of Jesus’s worldwide kingdom of “servants among the poor” (to quote a book title from my college days).  It took four years, but by 1988 I was actively campaigning for Jesse Jackson in the primaries.

The common thread between my conversion and those of my three white male friends was exposure to people of color.  Four converts is a small sample size, but that’s all I’ve seen after fifty years.  So the notion that conservative whites are more likely to listen to other whites at the dinner table seems to me to be of limited use.  What makes a difference is exposure to the world of marginalized people—exposure to their hopes, dreams, and pains.  The single most impactful way for this to happen, in the few examples I have witnessed, has been short term overseas service or mission trips. These have been justifiably critiqued over the years as ethnocentric white saviorism, sometimes doing more harm than good.  I’ve been on a dozen such trips, both faith-based and not, to India, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Ecuador, Mexico, and the Navajo Nation in the US.  I’ve seen both good and bad practices, and good and bad models of development.  But regardless of how misguided and naïve the trip may be, they do wonders for the conversion of white conservatives.  (They are even more influential on the developing political minds of white teenagers.)  With exposure to marginalized people, messianic hubris gives way to humility and one begins to learn about the power structures that impact their lives.  Perhaps this is why Jesus made “ministry to the least” a core part of his teaching.  Without spending time with others different from ourselves, our souls wither and die.  Conservative Christians, who so want a sense of mission, often have none.  With no poor to fight for, they make up fictitious enemies and fight unnecessary battles—against communists, the LGBTQ community, Muslims, even Harry Potter.  Note those first three groups could be allies with Christians to work with the poor and marginalized.

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To use a positive example, Merge Ministries eschews the dominant-subordinate relationship typical of international church programs in favor of a collaboration of equal partners.  Here, Americans join Mexicans as they seek to assist indigenous Mixteco farm labor families, who work in feudal conditions producing cheap food for export to California.

I don’t mean to imply it is the responsibility of marginalized people to seek out and educate white conservatives.  Nor that marginalized people need any help for their own development.  In most instances, they don’t, other than to not be exploited.  I am saying that people change when they meet other people that are different from them.

Creating opportunities to bring conservatives and marginalized people together is challenging.  In today’s digital world, we increasingly live in insular friend groups of like-minded people.  The natural place to bring conservatives into contact with marginalized groups are churches, which often offer such opportunities, whether it be a local prison ministry or a trip to Swaziland.  But there are also countless other non-faith-based groups across the country.  Perhaps the first step at the Thanksgiving table is to invite our conservative brethren to don work gloves and spend a day with us weeding at the local migrant labor camp or building a house for Habitat for Humanity.  Four years from now, they may become fierce advocates for immigrants or low-income renters.  When you walk a mile in another’s shoes, these things happen.

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The Indigenous Vote: Blue Islands on a Red Prairie

election20161Native Americans voted overwhelmingly against Donald Trump, consistent with their previous support for Barack Obama.  In a review of 24 of the most Native American counties in the nation, it is clear that the more Native Americans there are in the county, the greater the percentage of votes there were for Hillary Clinton.  The relationship is close to one-to-one, ranging from Cherokee County, OK (34% Native American, 35% for Clinton) to Oglala Lakota County, SD (formerly known as Shannon County) on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (94% Native American, 91% for Clinton).  Many of these predominantly-Native American counties are in rural areas in red states, surrounded by extremely conservative white ranchers.  On county-level maps of election returns, the blue squares are either urban areas or Indian reservations.

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North Dakota election returns, 2016, by county.  Sioux County (84% Native American; 75% for Clinton) is at the bottom.  The blue county at the top is Rolette (77% Native American; 63% for Clinton).  North Dakota as a whole went 70-30 for Trump.

Comparing to the 2012 Obama/Romney race, support for Clinton was 5 to 10% points lower.  When comparing the Native American counties to the statewide average in the states in which they are located, however, the shift away from Clinton is really only significant in the counties with fewer Native Americans, suggesting it was the non-Native Americans (mostly whites) within these counties that shifted from Democrat to Republican to support Trump.  The Native Americans did little shifting.

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To illustrate this point, let’s look at Sioux County, ND, home of the Standing Rock Indian Reservation and the action against the Dakota Access Pipeline.  It is 84% Native American.  In 2012, 80% of the votes in Sioux County went to Obama, which was 40% more than the statewide average for North Dakota (which was 60-40 for Romney).  In 2016, support for Clinton fell to 75%.  However, that was 45% more than the statewide average (which was 70-30 for Trump).  Also noteworthy is that Jill Stein of the Green Party polled 11% in Sioux County, one of her highest totals nationwide.  Neighboring Morton County, where the pipeline snakes with its military escort, is 94% white, 4% Native American, and voted 73% for Trump.

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Wisconsin election returns, 2016.  The dark blue county northwest of Green Bay is Menominee County, 87% Native American, 79% for Clinton.

I would be remiss not to add that Native Americans, continually fighting battles for fishing rights, water quality, or just the custody of their children, show a palpable skepticism of both parties.  On-line commentary by Native Americans (for example, at the Sacred Stone Camp Facebook group) shows widespread distrust of both political parties.  A typical comment reads:

“I know there are people worried about the new president, and I want to let you know that we have suffered under all the American presidents since the establishment of America. Nothing changes for us. We will still be expendable in their eyes.  We must continue to stand up and say we have a right to live.” – Ladonna Bravebull Allard

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Standing Rock Update: Non-violence vs 7-State Army

war-zone-mapOn October 27, a combination of military-equipped police forces from seven states and multiple counties, at the request of North Dakota Governor Jack Dalrymple, violently forced their way thru non-violent protesters and removed the Treaty Camp (also known as the Frontline Camp, see map).  Immediately behind them, providing a stunning display of industrial-military cooperation, construction crews were working.

In the five days since, the joint military/construction operation has completed clearing the pipeline corridor across Highway 1806 all the way to the drill pad, where they will begin tunneling under Lake Oahe (the Missouri River).  (This blog post and this article detail how the US Army Corp economically devastated the Standing Rock and Cheyenne River Indian Reservations in 1960 when they created Lake Oahe.)

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Square drill pad with the Missouri River/Lake Oahe in the background.  Pipeline corridor in foreground; green pipe at left waiting to go under the river.  From drone footage obtained despite an FAA no-fly zone over the area.

And now, here we wait.  The Obama Administration has revoked the US Army Corp permit to go under the river, pending further evaluation– probably “meaningful consultation” with the affected tribes and an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (basically, a long permit review process that includes public comment).  These steps will take months and almost certainly turn the final decision over to the next administration.  When they revoked the permit on September 9, the Obama Administration had asked Energy Transfer Partners (owners of Dakota Access Pipeline) to voluntarily halt construction for 20 miles on either side of the river, presumably for potential re-routing of the pipeline.  (The request was voluntary because the feds have no authority except on Army Corp property at the river.)  The company completely ignored this request, instead working at breakneck speed, with their violent military escort, to dig right up to the edge of Army Corp lands at the river.  In comments on November 1, President Obama was explicitly clear that re-routing is an option.

The use of violent state militias to clear lands of non-violent Native Americans, while the federal government stands by, recalls dozens of historical events.  Most prominently, the massacre at Sand Creek was carried out by Colonel John Chivington and a militia from the

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Sand Creek site near Chivington, Colorado

State of Colorado.  Unable to find the actual Indians they were looking for (who had killed several white settler families), they targeted Black Kettle’s peaceful camp of elders, women, and children, camped under an American flag and a white flag of truce.  The result was an estimated 100-200 dead.  Chivington and his Colorado militia celebrated with a parade through downtown Denver, holding Native scalps and other body parts aloft for all to see.  Likewise, the genocide in California was largely a state enterprise, with volunteer militias attacking Native villages, enslaving the children, and getting reimbursed by the state for their expenses.

In this case, the state militias at Standing Rock appear to be heavily subsidized by surplus US military equipment, which has been liberally bestowed upon law enforcement agencies across the nation in recent years (see video trailer above).  While federal laws regarding tribal consultation and environmental review have proved no obstacle for the pipeline, it appears that public pressure and concern for the Standing Rock Sioux has at least spared them live ammunition.

direct-actionThe commitment to non-violence of the protesters at Sacred Stone Camp, the headquarters for the movement, can be seen both in the video footage above and in this sign posted at the entrance to the camp.  For a more complete account of life at the camp, see this thoughtful blog post.

My new post explains why the Dakota Access Pipeline no longer makes economic sense:

The Dakota Access Pipeline is unnecessary

Here are my previous posts on Standing Rock and the Dakota Access Pipeline, which focus more on the history and current status of the conflict on the ground:

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Another Genocide Banner at a Football Game

This seems to happen at least once every fall.  Yet another reason why ethnic groups should not be mascots.  Full story is here.

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Imagine a high school whose mascot was Jews, and opposing teams could say “Get Ready for a Holocaust!”  Or maybe we could have the Mexicans and a banner that says “Get Ready for the Border Patrol”.   (And there have been kids from predominantly white high schools displaying “Make America Great Again” when playing football against predominantly black high schools.)

 

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Upside-Down Flags, Standing Rock, and the Dakota Access Pipeline Protest: Background and Basic Facts

standingrock9Here are the basic facts.  There’s an oil boom in North Dakota in a region called the Bakken oil fields, which produces high quality oil, so pure that some workers up there have put unrefined Bakken crude oil straight into their trucks and it worked.  What’s more, they get this oil by fracking—injecting water and chemicals, under pressure, deep into the earth to break up the rocks and drive the oil out.  standingrock2mapThere’s so much Bakken oil (and similar fracked oil coming from West Texas) that the US has basically flooded the market and caused the worldwide price collapse (from about $100/barrel to $50/barrel).  That’s taken some of the desire out of oil production in the Bakken, but nevertheless, industry is preparing for the price to eventually come back up.  To that end, they need to address their biggest problem, moving the oil from North Dakota to refineries, which are mostly on the East Coast, West Coast, and along the Gulf of Mexico.  There’s only a few pipelines connected to North Dakota, so they’ve been moving the stuff in trains—often in really old tank cars.  As we’ve learned in the last few years, shipping Bakken oil by train has its risks; the oil is so close to gasoline that it often explodes and catches fire during a derailment.  It’s also cheaper in the long run to ship oil by pipeline. Hence, the Dakota Access pipeline.

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Dakota Access LLC, a subsidiary of Energy Transfer Partners, wants to build an underground pipeline from North Dakota to Illinois.  At 30 inches in diameter, it will be able to carry 470,000 barrels per day, almost half of all Bakken production.  It will connect North Dakota to a transport center in Illinois, and thus to Gulf Coast and East Coast refineries and markets.

Permits and Laws

To do this, the company needed to get a lot of permits:  from various state agencies in each state it passes thru (North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, and Illinois), and from at least two federal agencies (the US Army Corp of Engineers and the US Fish and Wildlife Service).  All of the states have approved the pipeline, although some farmers in Iowa are especially upset and have sued the state over dirty dealing involving bribes with teenage prostitutes; their case may go to the Iowa Supreme Court.  The US Environmental Protection Agency, the US Department of the Interior, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, requested that the US Army Corp require a full Environment Impact Statement (EIS) (basically an extensive study with an opportunity for public comment) but this never happened.  The final approval, from the US Army Corp, came in late July 2016.

Under the law, the company did not need direct approval from President Obama.  However, the federal permitting agencies (the US Army Corp) did need to consult with federally-registered tribes wherever the project has the potential to impact tribal lands.  This did not happen.

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Drone photo showing the pipeline corridor approaching Lake Oahe in the distance.

Because the pipeline crosses under the Missouri River less than a mile upstream from the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, and the Sioux depend upon the river for drinking water and irrigation, the Standing Rock Sioux immediately filed suit against the US Army Corp on July 27, 2016.

On August 10, construction began several miles north of Standing Rock—and so did Sioux confrontations with authorities.  Standing Rock Sioux Tribal Chairman Dave Archambault was among eighteen arrested on that day.

On August 29, a local landowner just north of the reservation permitted Tim Mentz, a professional archaeologist who previously worked for the State Historic Preservation Office, to examine the pipeline corridor route immediately west of Highway 1806.  Mentz documented “82 significant historical markings, of which 27 were grave locations.”  On September 2, the tribe filed in federal court for an immediate injunction to halt construction and released the precise locations of the historical sites (which tribes generally don’t do unless it’s absolutely necessary).  Chairman Archambault described what happened next: “The corridor work was many miles away from the historic site that was identified.  The next day after we filed, Saturday, September 3, the construction workers and equipment leap-frogged ahead and bulldozed the site.”  (This betrayal of sacred site information will likely have repercussions nationwide.)

standingrock8As it was the Saturday of Labor Day weekend, with a court ruling on the injunction expected in a week, the sudden construction on this parcel caught the protesters by surprise.  They were enraged.  When some women ran out in front of the tractors, dogs from a private security firm were used to attack them.  Amy Goodman’s dramatic video of that incident for Democracy Now! quickly went viral and led to mainstream news attention. (The North Dakota State Attorney then had her arrested and charged with rioting, as a journalist, but the case against her was dismissed by a judge.)  Governor Jack Dalrymple declared a state of emergency and activated the North Dakota National Guard.

On September 9, 2016, a federal judge ruled against the tribe’s request for an emergency injunction and in favor of the US Army Corp, saying the Corp “likely complied” with the law and the tribe “has not shown it will suffer injury…”  (This is surprising since the tribe had been speaking out against the pipeline since 2014.)  Minutes later, in an extraordinary move and under orders from President Obama, the US Department of Justice, the US Department of the Interior, and the US Department of the Army issued a joint statement halting construction of the pipeline on US Army Corp property along the Missouri River and Lake Oahe (near the Standing Rock Reservation), pending reconsideration under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which basically means they are revoking permission and will probably require the company to prepare an EIS, which the US Army Corp can then reject and stop the pipeline as currently planned.  It’s a long process.  The statement also asked the company to voluntarily pause all construction for 20 miles on either side of the river (where the federal government does not have jurisdiction).

The feds’ joint statement made some additional broader statements regarding federal relations with tribes in general.  It went on to say, “this case has highlighted the need for a serious discussion on whether there should be nationwide reform with respect to considering tribes’ views on these types of infrastructure projects.”  The joint statement then concluded with, “we fully support the rights of all Americans to assemble and speak freely” and “we have seen thousands of demonstrators come together peacefully, with support from scores of sovereign tribal governments, to exercise their First Amendment rights and to voice heartfelt concerns about the environment and historic, sacred sites.  It is now incumbent on all of us to develop a path forward that serves the broadest public interest.”

So, where are we now?  Both the Standing Rock Sioux lawsuit and the federal government will likely require an EIS for resolution.  Because the EIS will take many months to prepare, a final federal decision on the pipeline route will likely fall to the next administration, probably Hillary Clinton.  And while Obama visited Standing Rock (the first president ever to do so), Clinton has been remarkably silent and non-committal on the protest.

standingrock11The battle on the ground now appears to be over the voluntary buffer.  The federal agencies requested the company to stop construction for 20 miles either side of Lake Oahe, presumably to allow for re-routing of the pipeline.  However, because the federal government only owns the land immediately adjacent to the lake, it cannot enforce this request.  The company has an incentive to ignore the request and built right up to the edge of Lake Oahe.  This will set the stage, months from the now, when the federal government presumably considers an EIS.  If the company voluntarily obeys the request and honors the 20-mile buffer on each side, the government can more easily suggest an alternative route.  If the pipeline is already completed right up to the lake on each side, there will be strong pressure to allow the rest of it to continue as planned.  This is clearly the company’s plan, and consistent with their brazen approach of beginning construction before all the permits were in place.  Note, however, that any likely route will pass upstream of the Standing Rock and Cheyenne River reservations and still place them at risk.

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The Land

There are two aspects of the pipeline route that rub the Standing Rock Sioux the wrong way.  First, while the route is decidedly not on the reservation, it passes under and poses a risk to the Missouri River on which the Standing Rock Sioux depend.  On this point, the past and present run together rather seamlessly, at least to the Sioux.

The pipeline corridor lies north of the reservation in areas the Sioux call “unceded lands” which they were given in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 but were not relinquished in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868.  (More on these treaties in a future blog post.)

The Standing Rock Indian Reservation is home to the Hunkpapa Lakota and Yanktonai Dakota bands.  See this blog post for a diagram of the various Sioux bands and a summary of the storied history of the Great Sioux Nation and its devolution into the Standing Rock, Cheyenne River, Pine Ridge, Rosebud, and Crow Creek Reservations.  The reservation was created in 1877 in the aftermath of the Great Sioux War, contrived by President Ulysses Grant to annul the Treaty of 1868 and steal the Black Hills from the Sioux after gold was discovered there.  (The Supreme Court has since ruled that the war was unjust and the tribes should be compensated for the Black Hills.)  The war included Custer’s Last Stand and the assassination of Crazy Horse while in captivity.  Standing Rock made the news again in 1890, when the legendary and world famous chief Sitting Bull was shot and killed by reservation police trying to detain him during the Ghost Dance movement, which sought to reassert Native traditions and identity in the face of systematic oppression and economic deprivation.

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Iconic image during the Wounded Knee standoff in 1973.

The Wounded Knee Massacre, also to repress the Ghost Dance movement, occurred on the Pine Ridge Reservation two weeks later.  Cut to the early 1970s, and a similar movement came to a head again at Wounded Knee, when the American Indian Movement sought to challenge political oppression, corruption, and collusion of reservation leaders with the US government.  (For details of that conflict, as well as the related story of Leonard Peltier, see this blog post.)  The upside-down American flag flown during the 1973 Wounded Knee protests can be seen at the Standing Rock protest site today.

Far from an isolated event, the protest at Standing Rock is the culmination of long-standing grievances between the Sioux and the federal government, specifically with regard to the Standing Rock Natives and the management of the Missouri River by the US Army Corp.  They’ve been here before.  In 1960, the Army Corp constructed the Oahe Dam and created Lake Oahe, one of the largest reservoirs in the nation.  It converted the Missouri River into a 231-mile-long lake that stretches from Pierre, South Dakota to Bismarck, North Dakota.  The entire length of the Missouri River along the Standing Rock and Cheyenne River reservations is now part of this lake.  The lake flooded homes, towns, sacred sites, burial grounds, river valley agricultural land, and 90% of the woods and timber on the reservation.  It flooded 200,000 acres on the Standing Rock and Cheyenne River reservations, and robbed them of the deer and wildlife they had used for subsistence in the midst of poverty.  (This was part of an Army Corp dam-building spree nationwide that flooded Native lands and destroyed livelihoods.  Other examples include the drowning of Celilo Falls on the Columbia River in 1957, and the Kinzua Dam on the Allegheny River, made famous in a song by Johnny Cash.)  The town of Cannon Ball, in the northeast corner of the reservation along the lake, and ground zero for the protests, was named by white settlers after the unique round sacred stones along the river which were flooded by the lake.  As lake levels change, historic village sites and even bones of ancestors routinely appear along the shoreline.  Trespassers have made off with skulls, perpetuating a long, dark history in the traffic of Native remains and artifacts.  To this day, the Sioux say the land seizure was illegal, in violation of their treaty, and that they were never fully compensated.  In a classic case of environmental injustice, those living on the reservations benefitted least from the navigation and hydropower benefits of the dam.  They argue that their poverty (with an unemployment rate of 79% on the Standing Rock reservation) was made worse by the dam.  They compare it to the deliberate eradication of the buffalo, a kind of biological warfare that deprived them of their ability to sustain themselves.

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Frontline Camp along Highway 1806, with pipeline corridor scar in background.

They now view the pipeline as a similar threat, where they bear only the risk and reap little of the benefit.  A spill could contaminate the Missouri River/Lake Oahe, which they depend on for drinking water and agriculture, because the groundwater on the reservation is too high in minerals to be used.  And they have no faith that the federal government and petroleum industry would protect or compensate them in the event of a spill.  In the words of Tribal Chairman Archambault in 2015, “Standing Rock has always opposed oil development and pipeline development.  Our biggest concern is our water. We want to make sure a lot of the things being done today for economic benefit don’t damage the future.”

The second aspect of the pipeline that touches a raw nerve is that the original pipeline route in North Dakota used to be closer to Bismarck.  It was relocated because a spill near Bismarck would threaten the water supply for the city.  This is a classic violation of “EJ”—environmental justice, which was codified in 1994 when President Bill Clinton issued Executive Order 12898, requiring all federal agencies to consider how their action may impact minority communities.  According to the US EPA, EJ “means no group of people should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, governmental and commercial operations or policies.”  EJ became an issue exactly because, from Richmond, California to the Navajo Nation to industrial sites in the East, industrial infrastructure with negative environmental consequences are located near their communities.

The Risk

While the Standing Rock Sioux are appalled at the deliberate destruction of sacred sites by the pipeline construction, their larger concern is the threat to their water supply posed by an oil spill.  This concern is not without merit.

The largest tributary of the Missouri River is the Yellowstone River.  This river suffered two significant oil spills in recent years, both from pipeline breaks:

  • July, 2011. ExxonMobil pipeline ruptured near Billings, Montana, spilling 63,000 gallons into the river.  The pipe broke adjacent to the river during high flows, when the water scoured the river bottom, exposing the pipe.

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    Bridger pipeline

  • January, 2015. Bridger pipeline ruptured in Montana just upstream of the North Dakota border, spilling 50,000 gallons into the river.  The pipe broke exactly  where it crossed under the river.  Responders used a submersible robot to investigate.  They reported, “Information from the submersible camera showed 120 feet of pipeline is exposed and located one foot off the river bed for 16-22 feet.”  Again, the river had scoured deeper and exposed the pipe, which cracked under the weight of the current and possible debris in the river.  Cleanup was delayed due to ice on the river.  Drinking water in the town of Glendive was contaminated and water monitoring was required 90 miles downstream.
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Cleanup crews battle tar sands on the Kalamazoo River.

Two other spills loom large in the collective conscious of the Sioux:  1) the massive Enbridge pipeline oil spill into the Kalamazoo River in Michigan in 2010, a million-gallon spill that spread heavy crude oil for thirty-five miles and required four years to fully clean up; and 2) the on-going battles of indigenous peoples in the Amazon in the face of repeated pipeline oil spills contaminating the waters they depend on for sustenance.

(More on pipeline risks and spills in a future blog post.)

The Protest

Rallying under the hashtag #NoDAPL, the protesters (who, as defenders of a sovereign nation, prefer to be called water protectors) have created a massive camp along the Cannonball River just north of the little reservation town of Cannon Ball.  At present, it has 700 people (but swells to several thousand on weekends) digging in for the winter.  They have organized a small city with committees for food, water, shelter, medical care, child care, a small school, and of course planning for protest actions, legal support, and non-violence training.  A baby was born there the other day.  The camp, called Sacred Stone Camp, has become a rallying point for indigenous peoples nationwide.  The movement parallels the “Idle No More” movement among Canada’s First Nations, whose goal is “to protect the land and water”.  The encampment has received letters of support from over 300 Native nations and dozens of cities.  Tribes across the continent have donated water, food, firewood, and over $300,000 for legal defense.  It is possibly the most complete gathering of Native American tribes in the history of North America.

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The latest developments occurred on October 22, when over a hundred protestors were arrested in a confrontation that included police in riot gear using pepper spray and mace on people standing peacefully and still.  This video of this event is emblematic of white/Native conflict in North America; it shows a vast landscape and a heavily militarized white force aggressively confronting Native men and women seeking to protect access to their natural resources.  Other reports describe police shooting down drones with rubber bullets.  In response to police brutality, the protestors have established road blocks to keep the police out, as well as a Frontline Camp directly on the pipeline corridor.

To follow the latest developments, see:

Here is a list of just some of the GoFundMe campaigns:

More GoFundMe campaigns can be found by searching under Sacred Stone.

My new post explains why the Dakota Access Pipeline no longer makes economic sense:

The Dakota Access Pipeline is unnecessary

Here are my previous posts on Standing Rock and the Dakota Access Pipeline, which focus more on the history and current status of the conflict on the ground:

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Case dismissed against Amy Goodman; the press is now free to cover the Dakota Pipeline protest

The case pitted the North Dakota State Attorney Ladd Erickson against Democracy Now! reporter Amy Goodman.  He was charging her with rioting for her role in the Dakota Access Pipeline protests, in which she was simply a reporter with a microphone, a film crew, and a very effective message.  While she never trespassed, Erickson, in a brazen reinterpretation of the Constitution, said she did not have First Amendment protection as a journalist because Democracy Now! has a liberal bias.  Today, with the drums of the Lakota and other nations beating on the street outside, the judge rejected that argument and dismissed the charges.

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Goodman spearheaded national coverage of the protest with dramatic footage of a chaotic confrontation between protesters and a private security firm with attack dogs.  At the time, no major networks or news outlets were covering the protest, which represents the largest gathering of indigenous nations in over a hundred years.

For some background on the protest, see this earlier blogpost.  Additional background, focusing on the pipeline, the land it passes through, and the risk of oil spills, will be posted soon.

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White man uses his truck to drive into Columbus Day protesters– still no arrest

In a scene recalling the terrorist attack in France, a white truck drove into a crowd of people in Reno, Nevada Monday night.  Police are still reviewing the videos, which show it from multiple angles.  One person remains hospitalized.  Minutes earlier, the man drove by the protesters and yelled at them.  Then he returned.  He then engaged the protesters in a confrontation at his truck and threatened to run them down.  Then he did.

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If we were to apply Trump’s standard for Muslims, shouldn’t his white neighbors be notifying the authorities about him?  Where are the white moderates?

 

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Why you won’t find Jesus in Harry Potter

rowling1I’m re-blogging this excellent post about JK Rowling’s inappropriate use of Native American symbols in her recent book and upcoming movie Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, which is set in North America (at least in part).

The blogger is Loralee Sepsey, Owens Valley Paiute from the Big Pine Paiute Reservation in California.  She is currently studying English, Education, and Native American Studies at Stanford University.

In comparing Rowling’s use of Native and Western historical figures, Sepsey observes:

Do we not deserve respectful representation? Are we allowed to exist without some white woman claiming our mythology and our history and our culture as her own invention? Because we never saw her do this to British history or Christianity in the Harry Potter series. Jesus never showed up as a professor at Hogwarts. The whale that swallowed Jonah wasn’t residing in the lake. Voldemort was uniquely Voldemort, not the literal incarnation of Lucifer.

In short, you wont find Jesus incorporated into Rowling’s tales as a professor at Hogwarts because Rowling has respect for Jesus’s actual historical role in our culture and she’s not about to appropriate him and re-write his bio.  But for Native American characters, she takes them freely and completely re-works them.  It’s all about respect.

 

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Havoc, the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Dogs of War

The violent confrontations splashed across the media in the last few days recall not just another Avatar-esque confrontation between militarized resource-exploiting corporations and local indigenous inhabitants– and yet another ironic use of an appropriated Native name– but also the sordid 523-year history of the use of dogs by European colonists to attack Native Americans.

First, some background.  Dakota Access LLC, a subsidiary of Energy Transfer Partners, has recently received permission to build an underground pipeline from North Dakota to Illinois.  The goal is to transport Bakken crude oil to a terminal that will connect it with Gulf Coast and East Coast refineries and markets.  The pipeline is controversial among white farmers, as eminent domain was used to acquire private farmland for a private oil enterprise.  The pipeline is controversial among Native Americans, especially the Dakota and Lakota of the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, because the pipeline passes under the Missouri River just a mile upstream of their land.  (Note it was a pipeline under the Yellowstone River that ruptured and caused large oil spills in Montana in 2011 and 2015, affecting drinking water.) At the same time, construction of the pipeline disturbs sacred sites and burial grounds.  The tribe argues that the required consultation with them was insufficient and has filed for an injunction to stop construction.  A ruling is expected on September 9.

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This woman, especially, has allowed herself to become a cog in the wheel of exploitation.  Note the blood already on her dog’s lips.

In the meantime, construction is sometimes halted, sometimes not, in a sometimes-violent game of cat-and-mouse with protesters.  Shots have been fired, construction equipment set on fire, and chiefs have been arrested.  Most of the protests have involved nonviolent actions.  And then,  on September 3, during a holiday weekend just days before a court ruling, there was mace and attack dogs, used by the company while law enforcement watched from a distance.  Several nonviolent protesters were bitten, including women.

Natives from tribes across the land have traveled there in solidarity, while others have sent material aid.  Over 100 nations have passed resolutions in support of the Standing Rock Sioux in this battle.

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Back to the dogs, the most visceral part of the video above.  The use of trained attack dogs against Native Americans goes back to the Spanish conquest.  It began in 1493, with Columbus’ second expedition, a military style invasion with seventeen vessels.  In his famous account of Spanish barbarity and genocide, Devastation of the Indies, Bartolome de las Casas writes:

DakotaAccess2the Spaniards train their fierce dogs to attack, kill and tear to pieces the Indians. It is doubtful that anyone, whether Christian or not, has ever before heard of such a thing as this. The Spaniards keep alive their dogs’ appetite for human beings in this way. They have Indians brought to them in chains, then unleash the dogs. The Indians come meekly down the roads and are killed. And the Spaniards have butcher shops where the corpses of Indians are hung up, on display, and someone will come in and say, more or less,”Give me a quarter of that rascal hanging there, to feed my dogs until I can kill another one for them.” As if buying a quarter of a hog or other meat.
Other Spaniards go hunting with their dogs in the mornings and when one of them returns at noon and is asked “Did you have good hunting?” he will reply, “Very good! I killed fifteen or twenty rascals and left them with my dogs.”

DakotaAccess3He relates another story where a Spanish expedition, traveling through Nicaragua, was running low on food for their dogs.  They tore a child from his mother’s arms, cut off his arms and legs, and fed him to the dogs.

War dogs were used in Florida in 1528, when the fated Narváez expedition used them to kill a chief’s mother DakotaAccess4near Tampa Bay.  They were a key instrument in De Soto’s deadly foray through the American southeast in the 1540’s, terrifying local chiefs into compliance.  An entire book has been written on the subject, Dogs of the Conquest, which describes mastiffs, greyhounds, and wolfhounds that became renown, with names like Becerillo, Leoncillo, Amigo, and Bruto, and who could distinguish natives from Castilians, disemboweling Indians in seconds at the command tómalos, “take them.”

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After the dog confrontation on Saturday, the company backed down and left the site.  But with a $3.7 billion project on the line, and oil deliveries already contracted to begin before the year is out, the company will certainly return.  (However, Enbridge has just backed down from a similar pipeline project running through Ojibwe rice harvesting lakes.  It seems that economic factors, like the low price of oil, may have been the deciding factor there.)  The Standing Rock Sioux, have established a dedicated protest camp and vow to protect the river.  Furthermore, the protest may be becoming a rallying point for larger issues involving climate change, national priorities, and tribal sovereignty.  Even with a federal court ruling in a few days, this conflict is likely far from over.

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Burkini Bans, Cultural Assimilation Policies, and National Identity

In recent weeks, beachgoers along the French Riviera have witnessed the unusual site of fully uniformed police officers, some complete with flak jackets, walking on crowded sandy beaches among speedos and thong bikinis, handing out $43 citations to people wearing too much clothing.

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Over two hundred years ago, the French Revolution championed the poor, downtrodden, and underclass.  It was a landmark moment in the development of civil rights and democracy in Europe.  In 1903, these words were engraved on a plaque at the Statue of Liberty, a gift from France to the US, “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free…”   These sentiments have their limits.  Two years later, France adopted a policy of religious freedom and the promotion of secularism.  The ultimate goal was to mold French society, and all of its citizens, into a homogeneous culture, regardless of ethnic or religious backgrounds.  Today, these policies have reared their ugly head in the form of bans on traditional Muslim clothing.  Ironically, the new law reads like a religious edict, “Access to beaches and for swimming is banned to any person wearing improper clothes that are not respectful of accepted customs and secularism.”

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These policies are, of course, prejudiced, designed to stigmatize certain ethnic groups as second-class citizens.  They attempt to define what it means to be French—and to be not-French.

American reaction has been tepid, torn between libertarian ideals and anti-Muslim sentiment.  As of now, it seems unlikely the US will follow France’s path.  Nevertheless, the US does have a long history of similar controversies.  Battles over discriminatory dress codes are regular in public school settings involving youth.  Examples include bans on dreadlocks, cornrow, and Afro hair styles, feathers on graduation caps, and facial hair.  As with the burkini ban, there have been the usual appeals to hygiene and distractions as rationale for the bans.  The US also has a history of nationwide policies designed to mold the nation along specific ethnic and religious lines.  (See this blog post about past US immigration policy.)  Here are some more significant examples of cultural assimilation policies targeting Native Americans:

  • From the late 1800s thru the 1970s, the US’s official policy toward Native Americans was assimilation, to “kill the Indian, save the man”. Throughout this period, hundreds of thousands of Native children were removed from their homes and sent to far-off boarding schools, where their traditional long hair was cut off, their traditional clothing and language was banned, and often they were given new “Christian” names.  Even on reservations, Native religious ceremonies were banned until 1978.

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  • In the 1950s, the US began implementing “termination”, a policy that abolished old treaties and banned the official status of entire Native tribes (much like Turkey refuses to acknowledge the existence of Kurds).
  • As recently as the 1970s, up to one-third of Native children were removed from their homes and sent to group homes or foster homes with white parents. (At the same time, up to 25% of Native women were sterilized, often without their consent, dropping the Native fertility rate in the US from 3.3 to 1.3 children per woman.)

Like Muslims in France, these measures were meant to “Americanize” Native Americans, to repress their language and culture and to remold them into the larger ambient culture.

The operative question is whether a nation defines itself as a homogenous or multi-ethnic society.  The candidacy of Donald Trump poses this question to the Republican Party.  While the US is saturated with reminders of white supremacy and celebrations of ethnic cleansing, US law, at least on paper, embraces respect for different religions and ethnicities.  When the French diplomat, Alexis de Tocqueville, published Democracy in America in 1835, he warned that democracies risk falling into a tyranny of the majority.  Given that 64% of French people support the burkini ban, it seems that tyranny has arrived on the French Riviera.  The victims, this time, are traditional Muslim women.

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